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     <h2>§7.3 嵌入式SQL</h2>
<h4>一、嵌入式SQL概论</h4>
<p>SQL是一种双重式语言，它既是一种交互式数据库语言，又是一种应用程序进行数据库访问时所采取的编程式数据库语言。SQL语言在这两种方式中的大
部分语法是相同的。在编写访问数据库的程序时，必须从普通的编程语言开始（如C语言），再把SQL加入到程序中。所以，嵌入式SQL语言就是将SQL语句
直接嵌入到程序的源代码中，与其他程序设计语言语句混合。专用的SQL预编译程序将嵌入的SQL语句转换为能被程序设计语言（如C语言）的编译器识别的函
数调用。然后，C编译器编译源代码为可执行程序。</p>
<p>当然，嵌入式SQL语句完成的功能也可以通过应用程序编程接口（API）实现。通过API的调用，可以将SQL语句传递到DBMS，并用API调用返回查询结果。这个方法不需要专用的预编译程序。</p>
<h4>二、嵌入式SQL特点</h4>
<p>首先来看一个简单的嵌入式SQL的程序（C语言）：在pubs数据库上的authors表中查询lastname为“White<span class="STYLE1"><font face="宋体">”</font></span>的firstname。用sa连接数据库服务器。这个例子的程序如下。</p>
<p><span class="key">【例1】</span>在authors表中查询lastname为“White<span class="STYLE1"><font face="宋体">”</font></span>的firstname的信息。</p>
<div class="div">
  <p>#include&lt;stddef.h&gt;　　　　/*standard C run-time header*/</p>
  <p>#include&lt;stdio.h&gt;　　　 　/*standard C run-time header*/</p>
  <p>Main()</p>
  <p>{</p>
  <p>　 EXEC SQLBEGIN DECLARE SECTION;</p>
  <p>　 char first_name[50];</p>
  <p>　 char last name[]="White";</p>
  <p>　 EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;</p>
  <p>　 EXEC SQL CONNECT TO pubs</p>
  <p>　 USER sa.;</p>
  <p>　 EXEC SQL SELECT au_fname INTO :first_name</p>
  <p>　 FROM authors WHERE au_lname=:last_name；</p>
  <p>　 Printf("firstname：%s\n",first_name);</p>
  <p>　 return(0);</p>
  <p>}</p>
</div>
<p>从例1可以看出，<span class="key">嵌入式SQL的基本特点是：</span></p>
<p><span class="h6">1、</span>每条嵌入式SQL语句都用EXEC SQL开始，表明它是一条SQL语句。这也是告诉预编译器在EXEC SQL和“;”之间是嵌入式SQL语句。</p>
<p><span class="h6">2、</span>如果一条嵌入式SQL语句占用多行，在C程序中可以用续行符“\”，在Fortran中必须有续行符。其他语言也有相应规定。</p>
<p><span class="h6">3、</span>每一条嵌入式SQL语句都有结束符号，如：在C中是“;”。</p>
<h4>三、嵌入式SQL的C程序开发环境的配置过程及程序的开发步骤</h4>
<p>下面我们先来说明嵌入式SQL的C程序开发环境的配置过程。</p>
<p>（1）将文件Caw32.lib、Sqlakw32.lib、Ntwdblib.lib从SQL Server 2000的安装光盘中复制到C程序开发环境的LIB目录下；</p>
<p>（2）将SQL Server 2000的安装光盘中DEVTOOLS\INCLUDE目录中的所有文件复制到C程序开发环境的INCLUDE目录下。</p>
<p>配置好开发环境后，就可以在此环境中进行程序开发了。以例1中的程序为例，具体的开发步骤如下：</p>
<p>（1）在某种文本编辑器中编写程序，然后源程序文件以.sqc为扩展名存盘（如mytest.sqc）。</p>
<p>（2）执行安装光盘中X86\BINN目录下的NSQLPREP.EXE文件，并将上一步生成的源程序文件名写在其后，如：F:\X86
\BINN&gt;NSQLPREP d:\mytest.sqc."NSQLPREP d:\mytest.sqc"是SQL Server 
2000的预编译处理。NSQLPREP.EXE是SQL Server 
2000的预编译器。处理的结果产生C的程序。这时，将会发现在D盘生成一个名为mytest.c文件。</p>
<p>（3）进入C程序开发环境，在当前项目中打开上一步生成的C程序文件，对该文件进行编译、链接、生成可执行文件。</p>
<h4>四、嵌入式SQL语句</h4>
<p><span class="tu">表7.3-1</span>是所有的嵌入式SQL语句，“*”表示嵌入式SQL语句的名字与Transact-SQL语句相同。</p>
<p class="biao" align="center">表7.3-1 嵌入式SQL语言</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="center">
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td align="center" valign="center">BECIN DECLARE SECTION</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">PREPARE</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td valign="center">CLOSE *</td>
      <td valign="center">SELECT INTO *</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td valign="center">CONNECT TO</td>
      <td valign="center">SET ANSI_DEFAULLTS</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td valign="center">DECLARE CURSOR *</td>
      <td valign="center">SET CONCURRENCY</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td valign="center">DELETE(POSITIONED) *</td>
      <td valign="center">SET CONNECTION</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td valign="center">DELETE(SEARCHED) *</td>
      <td valign="center">SET CURSOR_CLOSE_ON_COMMIT</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td valign="center">DESCRIBE</td>
      <td valign="center">SET CURSORTYPE</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td valign="center">DISCONNECT</td>
      <td valign="center">SET FETCHBUFFER</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td valign="center">END DECLARE SECTION</td>
      <td valign="center">SET OPTION</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td valign="center">EXECUTE *</td>
      <td valign="center">SET SCROLLOPTION</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td valign="center">EXECUTE IMMEDIATE</td>
      <td valign="center">UPDATE(POSITIONED) *</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td valign="center">FETCH *</td>
      <td valign="center">UPDATE(SEARCHED) *</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td valign="center">GET CONNECTION</td>
      <td valign="center">WHENEVER</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td valign="center">OPEN *</td>
      <td valign="center">&nbsp;</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
<p>嵌入式SQL语句分为静态SQL语句和动态SQL语句两类。下面我们按照功能讲解这些语句。</p>
<p class="h6">1、声明嵌入式SQL语句中使用的C变量</p>
<p>（1）声明方法</p>
<p>主变量就是在嵌入式SQL语句中引用主语言说明的程序变量（如例1中的last_name[]变量）。在嵌入式SQL语句中使用主变量前，必须在
BEGIN DECLARE SECTION和END DECLARE 
SECTION之间给主变量说明。这两条语句不是可执行语句，而是预编译程序的说明。如例1中：</p>
<div class="div">
  <p>EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;</p>
  <p>char first_name[50];</p>
  <p>char last_name[]="White";</p>
  <p>EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;</p>
  <p>…</p>
</div>
<p>主变量是标准的C程序变量。嵌入SQL语句使用主变量来输入数据和输出数据。C程序和嵌入SQL语句都可以访问主变量。如例1中：</p>
<div class="div">
  <p>EXEC SQL SELECT au_fname INTO :first_name</p>
  <p>FROM authors where au_lname = :last_name;</p>
  <p>printf（"first name:%s\n",first_name）;</p>
  <p>…</p>
</div>
<p>值得注意的是，主变量的长度不能超过30个字节。</p>
<p>为了便于识别主变量，当嵌入式SQL语句中出现主变量时，必须在变量名称前标上冒号（:）。冒号的作用是，告诉预编译器，这是个主变量而不是表名或列名。</p>
<p>（2）主变量的数据类型</p>
<p>在以SQL为基础的DBMS支持的数据类型与程序设计语言支持的数据类型之间有很大差别。这些差别对主变量影响很大。一方面，主变量是一个用程序设
计语言的数据类型说明并用程序设计语言处理的程序变量；另一方面，在嵌入式SQL语句中用主变量保存数据库数据。所以，在嵌入式SQL语句中，必须映射C
数据类型为合适的SQL Server数据类型。必须慎重选择主变量的数据类型。</p>
<p><span class="key">【例2】</span>主变量数据类型的选择。</p>
<div class="div">
  <p>#include&lt;stddef.h&gt;　　　　/*standard C run-time header*/</p>
  <p>#include&lt;stdio.h&gt;　　　 　/*standard C run-time header*/</p>
  <p>Main()</p>
  <p>{</p>
  <p>　 EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;</p>
  <p>　 int hostvarl=20;</p>
  <p>　 char * hostvar2="数据库原理与应用";</p>
  <p>　 float hostvar3=35.5;</p>
  <p>　 EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;</p>
  <p>　 EXEC SQL CONNECT TO pubs;</p>
  <p>　 USER sa.;</p>
  <p>　 EXEC SQL UPDATE titles</p>
  <p>　 SET royalty=:hostvarl</p>
  <p>　 WHERE title_id="BUl032";</p>
  <p>　 EXEC SQL UPDATE titles</p>
  <p>　 SET title=:hostvar2</p>
  <p>　 WHERE title_id="BUl032";</p>
  <p>　 EXEC SQL UPDATE titles</p>
  <p>　 SET price=:hostvar3</p>
  <p>　 WHERE title_id="BUl032";</p>
  <p>}</p>
</div>
<p>在第一个UPDATE语句中，royalty列为int数据类型，所以应该把hostvarl定义为int数据类型。这样，从C到SQL 
Server的hostvarl可以直接映射。在第二个UPDATE语句中，title列为varchar数据类型，所以应该把hostvar2定义为字
符数组。这样，从C到SQL 
Server的hostvar2可以从字符数组映射为varchar数据类型。在第三个UPDATE语句中，price列为money数据类型。在C语言
中，没有相应的数据类型，所以用户可以把hostvar3定义为C的浮点变量或字符数据类型。SQL 
Server可以自动将浮点变量转换为money数据类型（输人数据），或将money数据类型转换为浮点变量（输出数据）。</p>
<p><span class="key">注意：</span>如果数据类型为字符数组，那么SQL Server会在数据后面填充空格，直到填满该变量的声明长度。</p>
<p>在ESQL/C中，不支持所有的unicode数据类型（如：nvarchar、nchar和ntext）。对于非unicode数据类型，除了
datetime、smalldatetime、money和smallmoney外（decimal和numeric数据类型部分情况下不支持），都可
以相互转换。</p>
<p><span class="tu">表7.3-2</span>列出了C的数据类型和datetime、smalldatetime、money、smallmoney、decimal和numeric数据类型的一些转换关系。</p>
<p class="biao" align="center">表7.3-2 C数据类型与其他数据类型的转换</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="center">
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td align="center" valign="center">C数据类型</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">分配的SQL Server数据类型</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">datetime或smalldatetime</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">money或smallmoney</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">decimal或numeric</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td align="center" valign="center">short</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">Smallint</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">不可以</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">不可以</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">不可以</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td align="center" valign="center">Int</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">Smallint</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">不可以</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">不可以</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">不可以</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td align="center" valign="center">Long</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">Int</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">不可以</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">不可以</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">不可以</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td align="center" valign="center">Float</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">Real</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">不可以</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">不可以</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">不可以</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td align="center" valign="center">Double</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">Float</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">不可以</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">不可以</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">不可以</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td align="center" valign="center">Char</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">Varchar</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">可以</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">可以</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">可以</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td align="center" valign="center">Void *p</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">Binary</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">可以</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">可以</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">可以</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td align="center" valign="center">Char byte</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">tinyint</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">不可以</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">不可以</td>
      <td align="center" valign="center">不可以</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
<p>因为C没有date或time数据类型，所以SQL Server的date或time列将被转换为字符。缺省情况下，使用以下转换格式：</p>
<div class="div">
  <p>mm dd yyyy hh:mm:ss [am | pm]</p>
</div>
<p>可以使用字符数据格式将C的字符数据存放到SQL Server的date列上，也可以使用Transact-SQL中的convert语句来转换数据类型。如：</p>
<div class="div">
  <p>SELECT CONVERT(char,date,8) FROM sales</p>
</div>
<p>（3）主变量和NULL</p>
<p>大多数程序设计语言（如C）都不支持NULL。所以对NULL的处理，一定要在SQL中完成。我们可以使用主机指示符变量来解决这个问题。在嵌入式SQL语句中，主变量和指示符变量共同规定一个单独的SQL类型值。如：</p>
<div class="div">
  <p>EXEC SQL SELECT titles.price INTO :price:price_nullflag FROM titles,titleauthor</p>
  <p>WHERE titleauthor.au_id = "mc3026" AND titleauthor.title_id = titles.title_id</p>
</div>
<p>其中，price是主变量，price_nullflag是指示符变量。<span class="key">指示符变量共有两类值：</span></p>
<p>① -1，表示主变量应该假设为NULL。（注意：主变量的实际值是一个无关值，不予考虑）。</p>
<p>② &gt;0，表示主变量包含了有效值。该指示变量存放了该主变量数据的最大长度。</p>
<p>所以，上面这个例子的含义是：如果不存在mc3026写的书，那么price_nullflag为-1，表示price为NULL；如果存在，则price为实际的价格。</p>
<p>我们也可以在指示符变量前面加上“INDICATOR<span class="STYLE1"><font face="宋体">”</font></span>关键字，表示后面的变量为指示符变量。如：</p>
<div class="div">
  <p>EXEC SQL UPDATE closeoutsale</p>
  <p>SET temp_price =:saleprice INDICATOR :saleprice_null;</p>
</div>
<p>值得注意的是，不能在WHERE语句后面使用指示符变量。如：</p>
<div class="div">
  <p>EXEC SQL DELETE FROM closeoutsale</p>
  <p>WHERE temp_price = :saleprice :saleprice_null;</p>
</div>
<p>可以使用下面语句来完成上述功能：</p>
<div class="div">
  <p>If(saleprice_null==-1)</p>
  <p>{</p>
  <p>　 EXEC SQL DELETE FROM closeoutsale</p>
  <p>　 WHERE temp_price IS null;</p>
  <p>}</p>
  <p>else</p>
  <p>{</p>
  <p>　 EXEC SQL DELETE FROM closeoutsale</p>
  <p>　 WHERE temp_price=:saleprice;</p>
  <p>}</p>
</div>
<p class="h6">2、连接数据库</p>
<p>在程序中，使用“CONNECT TO<span class="STYLE1"><font face="宋体">”</font></span>语句来连接数据库。该语句的完整语法为：</p>
<div class="div">
  <p>CONNECT TO {[server_name.]database_name} [AS connection_name]</p>
  <p>USER [login[.password] | $integrated]</p>
</div>
<p>其中：</p>
<p>① server_name为服务器名。如省略，则为本地服务器名。</p>
<p>② database_name为数据库名。</p>
<p>③ connection_name为连接名。可省略。如果仅仅使用一个连接，那么无需指定连接名。可以使用SET CONNECTION来使用不同的连接。</p>
<p>④ login为登录名。</p>
<p>⑤ password为密码。</p>
<p>在例1中的“EXEC SQL CONNECT TO pubs USER sa.;<span class="STYLE1"><font face="宋体">”</font></span>，服务器是本地服务器名，数据库为pubs，登录名为sa，密码为空。缺省的超时时间为10秒。如果指定连接的服务器没有响应这个连接请求，或者连接超时，那么系统会返回错误信息。我们可以使用“SET OPTION<span class="STYLE1"><font face="宋体">”</font></span>命令设置连接超时的时间值。</p>
<p>在嵌入式SQL语句中，使用DISCONNECT语句断开数据库的连接。其语法为：</p>
<div class="div">
  <p>DISCONNECT [connection_name | ALL | CURRENT]</p>
</div>
<p>其中，connection_name为连接名。ALL表示断开所有的连接。CURRENT表示断开当前连接。请看下面这些例子来理解CONNECT和DISCONNECT语句。</p>
<div class="div">
  <p>EXEC SQL CONNECT TO caffe.pubs AS caffe1 USER sa.;</p>
  <p>EXEC SQL CONNECT TO latte.pubs AS latte1 USER sa.;</p>
  <p>EXEC SQL SET CONNECTION caffe1;</p>
  <p>EXEC SQL SELECT name FROM sysobjects INTO :name;</p>
  <p>EXEC SQL SET CONNECTION latte1;</p>
  <p>EXEC SQL SELECT name FROM sysobjects INTO :name;</p>
  <p>EXEC SQL DISCONNECT caffe1;</p>
  <p>EXEC SQL DISCONNECT latte1;</p>
</div>
<p>在上面这个例子中，第一个select 语句查询在caffe服务器上的pubs 数据库。第二个SELECT语句查询在latte服务器上的pubs数据库。当然，也可以使用“EXEC SQL DISCONNECT ALL;”来断开所有的连接。</p>
<p class="h6">3、数据的查询和更新</p>
<p>（1）单行数据的查询与更新</p>
<p>可以使用SELECT INTO语句查询数据，并将数据存放在主变量中。如例1中的：</p>
<div class="div">
  <p>EXEC SQL SELECT au_fname INTO :first_name</p>
  <p>FROM authors where au_lname = :last_name;</p>
</div>
<p>使用DELETE语句删除数据。其语法类似于SQL语言中的DELETE语法。如：</p>
<div class="div">
  <p>EXEC SQL DELETE FROM authors WHERE au_lname='White'</p>
</div>
<p>使用UPDATE语句可以更新数据。其语法就是SQL语言中的UPDATE语法。如：</p>
<div class="div">
  <p>EXEC SQL UPDATE authors SET au_fname='Fred' WHERE au_lname='White'</p>
</div>
<p>使用INSERT语句可以插入新数据。其语法就是SQL语言中的INSERT语法。如：</p>
<div class="div">
  <p>EXEC SQL INSERT INTO homesales (seller_name,sale_price)</p>
  <p>　　values_estate('Jane Doe',180000.00);</p>
</div>
<p>（2）多行数据的查询和更新</p>
<p>对于多行数据的查询和更新，必须使用游标来完成。</p>
<p><span class="key">【例3】</span>对pubs数据库上的authors表逐行显示au_fname为“Ann<span class="STYLE1"><font face="宋体">”</font></span>并询问用户是否删除该信息，如果回答“是”，那么删除当前行的数据。</p>
<div class="div">
  <p>#include&lt;stddef.h&gt;　　　　/*standard C run-time header*/</p>
  <p>#include&lt;stdio.h&gt;　　　 　/*standard C run-time header*/</p>
  <p>Main()</p>
  <p>{</p>
  <p>　 char reply;</p>
  <p>　 EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;</p>
  <p>　 char fname[]="Ann";</p>
  <p>　 char lname[50];</p>
  <p>　 EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;</p>
  <p>　 EXEC SQL CONNECT TO pubs;</p>
  <p>　 USER sa.;</p>
  <p>　 EXEC SQL SET CURSORTYPE CUR_BROWSE;</p>
  <p>　 EXEC SQL DECLARE cl CURSOR FOR</p>
  <p>　 SELECT au_fname,au_lname FROM authors WHERE au_fname=:fname;</p>
  <p>　 EXEC SQL OPEN cl;</p>
  <p>　 while(SQLCODE==0)</p>
  <p>　 {</p>
  <p>　 　 EXEC SQL FETCH c1 INTO :fname,:lname;</p>
  <p>　 　 if(SQLCODE==0)</p>
  <p>　 　 　 {</p>
  <p>　 　 　 　 printf("%12s%12s\n",fname,lname);</p>
  <p>　 　 　 　 printf("Delete?");</p>
  <p>　 　 　 　 scanf("%c",&amp;reply);</p>
  <p>　 　 　 　 if(reply=='y')</p>
  <p>　 　 　 　 　 {</p>
  <p>　 　 　 　 　 　 EXEC SQL DELETE FROM authors WHERE CURRENT OF cl;</p>
  <p>　 　 　 　 　 　 printf("delete sqlecode=%d\n",SQLCODE);</p>
  <p>　 　 　 　 　 }</p>
  <p>　 　 　 }</p>
  <p>　 }</p>
  <p>　 EXEC SQL CLOSE c1;</p>
  <p>}</p>
</div>
<p>值得注意的是，嵌入式SQL语句中的游标定义选项与Transact-SQL中的游标定义选项有些不同。必须遵循嵌入式SQL语句中的游标定义选项。</p>
<p>关闭游标的同时，会释放由游标添加的锁和放弃未处理的数据。在关闭游标前，该游标必须已经声明和打开。另外，程序终止时，系统会自动关闭所有打开的游标。</p>
<p class="h6">4、SQLCA</p>
<p>DBMS是通过SQLCA（SQL通信区）向应用程序报告运行错误信息。SQLCA是一个含有错误变量和状态指示符的数据结构。通过检查
SQLCA，应用程序能够检查出嵌入式SQL语句是否成功，并根据成功与否决定是否继续往下执行。预编译器自动在嵌入SQL语句中包含SQLCA数据结
构。在程序中可以使用EXEC SQL INCLUDE 
SQLCA，目的是告诉SQL预编译程序在该程序中包含一个SQL通信区。也可以不写，系统会自动加上SQLCA结构。</p>
<p>（1）SQLCODE</p>
<p>SQLCA结构中最重要的部分是SQLCODE变量。在执行每条嵌入式SQL语句时，DBMS在SQLCA中设置变量SQLCODE值，以指明语句的完成状态：</p>
<p>① =0该语句成功执行，无任何错误或报警。</p>
<p>② &lt;0出现了严重错误。</p>
<p>③ &gt;0出现了报警信息。</p>
<p>（2）SQLSTATE</p>
<p>SQLSTATE变量也是SQLCA结构中的成员。它同SQLCODE一样，都是返回错误信息。SQLSTATE是在SQLCODE之后产生的。这
是因为，在制定SQL2标准之前，各个数据库厂商都采用SQLCODE变量来报告嵌入式SQL语句中的错误状态。但是，各个厂商没有采用标准的错误描述信
息和错误值来报告相同的错误状态。所以，标准化组织增加了SQLSTATE变量，规定了通过SQLSTATE变量报告错误状态和各个错误代码。因此，目前
使用SQLCODE的程序仍然有效，但也可用标准的SQLSTATE错误代码编写新程序。</p>
<p class="h6">5、WHENEVER</p>
<p>在每条嵌入式SQL语句之后立即编写一条检查SQLCODE/SQLSTATE值的程序，是一件很繁琐的事情。为了简化错误处理，可以使用
WHENEVER语句。该语句是SQL预编译程序的指示语句，而不是可执行语句。它通知预编译程序在每条可执行嵌入式SQL语句之后自动生成错误处理程
序，并指定了错误处理操作。</p>
<p>用户可以使用WHENEVER语句通知预编译程序去如何处理三种异常处理：</p>
<p>① WHENEVER SQLERROR：通知预编译程序产生处理错误的代码（SQLCODE&lt;0）。</p>
<p>② WHENEVER SQLWARNING：通知预编译程序产生处理警报的代码（SQLCODE=1）。</p>
<p>③ WHENEVER NOT FOUD：通知预编译程序产生没有查到内容的代码（SQLCODE=100）。</p>
<p>针对上述三种异常处理，用户可以指定预编译程序采取以下SQLSTATE三种行为：</p>
<p>① WHENEVER…GOTO：通知预编译程序产生一条转移语句。</p>
<p>② WHENEVER…CONTINUE：通知预编译程序让程序的控制流转入到下一个主语言语句。</p>
<p>③ WHENEVER…CALL：通知预编译程序调用函数。</p>
<p>其完整语法如下：</p>
<div class="div">
  <p>WHENEVER {SQLWARNING | SQLERROR | NOT FOUND} {CONTINUE | GOTO stmt_label | CALL function()}</p>
</div>
<h4>五、动态SQL语句</h4>
<p>动态SQL语句的目的不是在编译时确定SQL的表和列，而是让程序在运行时提供，并将SQL语句文本传给DBMS执行。静态SQL语句在编译时已经
生成执行计划。而动态SQL语句，只有在执行时才产生执行计划。动态SQL语句首先执行PREPARE语句要求DBMS分析、确认和优化语句，并为其生成
执行计划。DBMS还设置SQLCODE以表明语句中发现的错误。当程序执行完PREPARE语句后，就可以用EXECUTE语句执行执行计划，并设置
SQLCODE，以表明完成状态。</p>
<p>按照功能和处理上的划分，动态SQL应该分成两类来解释：动态修改和动态查询。</p>
<p class="h6">1、动态修改</p>
<p>动态修改使用PREPARE语句和EXECUTE语句。PREPARE语句是动态SQL语句独有的语句。其语法为：</p>
<p>PREPARE 语句名 FROM 主变量</p>
<p>该语句接收含有SQL语句串的主变量，并把该语句送到DBMS。DBMS编译该语句并生成执行计划。在语句串中包含一个“?”表明参数，当执行语句
时，DBMS需要参数来替代这些“?”。PREPARE语句执行的结果是，DBMS把语句名赋给准备的语句。语句名类似于游标名，是一个SQL标识符。在
执行SQL语句时，EXECUTE语句后面是这个语句名。</p>
<p><span class="key">【例4】</span>在pubs数据库上的publishers表中插入一条记录，记录的值由程序决定。</p>
<div class="div">
  <p>#include&lt;stddef.h&gt;　　　　/*standard C run-time header*/</p>
  <p>#include&lt;stdio.h&gt;　　　 　/*standard C run-time header*/</p>
  <p>main()</p>
  <p>{</p>
  <p>　 EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;</p>
  <p>　 　 char prep[]="INSERT INTO publishers VALUES(?,?,?,?,?)";</p>
  <p>　 　 char pub_id[5];</p>
  <p>　 　 char pub_name[40];</p>
  <p>　 　 char city[20];</p>
  <p>　 　 char state[10];</p>
  <p>　 　 char country[30];</p>
  <p>　 EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;</p>
  <p>　 EXEC SQL CONNECT TO pubs;</p>
  <p>　 USER sa.;</p>
  <p>　 EXEC SQL PREPARE prep_stat FROM:prep</p>
  <p>　 if (SQLCODE==0)</p>
  <p>　 {</p>
  <p>　 　 strcpy(pub id,"9990");</p>
  <p>　 　 strcpy(pub name,"Lamborghini");</p>
  <p>　 　 strcpy(city,"shanghai");</p>
  <p>　 　 strcpy(state,"");</p>
  <p>　 　 strcpy(country,"CHINA");</p>
  <p>　 　 EXEC SQL EXECUTE prep_stat USING :pub_id,:pub_name,:city,:state,:country;</p>
  <p>　 }</p>
  <p>　 if(SQLCODE!=0)</p>
  <p>　 {</p>
  <p>　 　 prinff("SQL Code=%1i\n",SQLCODE);</p>
  <p>　 　 printf("SQL Server Message%1i：'%Fs'\n",SQLERRDl,SQLERRMC);</p>
  <p>　 }</p>
  <p>}</p>
</div>
<p>在这个例子中，prep_stat是语句名，prep主变量的值是一个INSERT语句，包含了5个参数（5个“?”）。PREPARE的作用是，DBMS编译这个语句并生成执行计划，并把语句名赋给这个准备的语句。</p>
<p>值得注意的是，PREPARE中的语句名的作用范围为整个程序，所以不允许在同一个程序中使用相同的语句名在多个PREPARE语句中。</p>
<p>EXECUTE语句是动态SQL独有的语句。它的语法如下：</p>
<p>EXECUTE 语句名 USING 主变量 | DESCRIPTOR 描述符名</p>
<p>请看上面这个例子中的语句：</p>
<div class="div">
  <p>EXEC SQL EXECUTE prep_stat USING :pub_id,:pub_name,:city,:state,:country;</p>
</div>
<p>它的作用是，请求DBMS执行PREPARE语句准备好的语句。当要执行的动态语句中包含一个或多个参数标志时，在EXECUTE语句必须为每一个参数提供值。这样，EXECUTE语句用主变量值逐一代替准备语句中的参数标志（?），从而为动态执行语句提供了输入值。</p>
<p>使用主变量提供值，USING子句中的主变量数必须同动态语句中的参数标志数一致，而且每一个主变量的数据类型必须同相应参数所需的数据类型相一
致。各主变量也可以有一个伴随主变量的指示符变量。当处理EXECUTE语句时，如果指示符变量包含一个负值，就把NULL值赋予相应的参数标志。除了使
用主变量为参数提供值，也可以通过SQLDA提供值。</p>
<p class="h6">2、动态游标</p>
<p>游标分为静态游标和动态游标两类。对于静态游标，如例3，在定义游标时就已经确定了完整的SELECT语句。在SELECT语句中可以包含主变量来
接收输入值，当执行游标的OPEN语句时，主变量的值被放入SELECT语句。在OPEN语句中，不用指定主变量，因为在DECLARE 
CURSOR语句中已经放置了主变量。</p>
<p>动态游标和静态游标不同。以下是动态游标使用的句法：</p>
<p>（1）声明游标</p>
<p>对于动态游标，在DECLARE CURSOR语句中不包含SELECT语句。而是，定义了在PREPARE中的语句名，用PREPARE语句规定与查询相关的语句名称。</p>
<p>（2）打开游标</p>
<p>完整语法为：</p>
<div class="div">
  <p>OPEN 游标名 [USING 主变量名 | DESCRIPTOR 描述名]</p>
</div>
<p>在动态游标中，OPEN语句的作用是使DBMS在第一行查询结果前开始执行查询并定位相关的游标。当OPEN语句成功执行完毕后，游标处于打开状
态，并为FETCH语句做准备。OPEN语句执行一条由PREPARE语句预编译的语句。如果动态查询正文中包含有一个或多个参数标志时，OPEN语句必
须为这些参数提供参数值。USING子句的作用是规定参数值。</p>
<p>（3）取一行值</p>
<p>FETCH语法为：</p>
<div class="div">
  <p>FETCH 游标名 USING DESCRIPTOR 描述符名</p>
</div>
<p>动态FETCH语句的作用是，把这一行的各列值送到SQLDA中，并把游标移到下一行。（注意，静态FETCH语句的作用是用主变量表接收查询到的列值。）</p>
<p>在使用FETCH语句前，必须为数据区分配空间，SQLDATA字段指向检索出的数据区。SQLLEN字段是SQLDATA指向的数据区的长度。SQLIND字段指出是否为NULL。</p>
<p>（4）关闭游标</p>
<p>如：</p>
<div class="div">
  <p>EXEC SQL CLOSE c1;</p>
</div>
<p>关闭游标的同时，会释放由游标添加的锁和放弃未处理的数据。在关闭游标前，该游标必须已经声明和打开。另外，程序终止时，系统会自动关闭所有打开的游标。</p>
<p>动态DECLARE CURSOR语句是SQL预编译程序中的一个命令，而不是可执行语句。该子句必须在OPEN、FETCH、CLOSE语句之前使用。请看下面这个例子：</p>
<div class="div">
  <p>……</p>
  <p>EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;</p>
  <p>char szCommand[]="SELECT au_fname FROM authors WHERE au_lname=?";</p>
  <p>char szLastName[]="White";</p>
  <p>char szFirstName[30];</p>
  <p>EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;</p>
  <p>EXEC SQL DECLARE author_cursor CURSOR FOR select_statement;</p>
  <p>EXEC SQL PREPARE select_statement FROM :szCommand;</p>
  <p>EXEC SQL OPEN author_cursor USING :szLastName;</p>
  <p>EXEC SQL FETCH author_cursor INTO :szFirstName;</p>
  <p>……</p>
</div>
<p class="h6">3、SQLDA</p>
<p>可以通过SQLDA为嵌入式SQL语句提供输入数据和从嵌入式SQL语句中输出数据。</p>
<p>我们知道，动态SQL语句在编译时可能不知道有多少列信息。在嵌入式SQL语句中，这些不确定的数据是通过SQLDA完成的。</p>
<p class="h6">4、DESCRIBE语句</p>
<p>该语句只有动态SQL才有。该语句是在PREPARE语句之后，在OPEN语句之前使用。该语句的作用是设置SQLDA中的描述信息，如：列名、数据类型和长度等。DESCRIBE语句的语法为：</p>
<div class="div">
  <p>DESCRIBE 语句名 INTO 描述符名</p>
</div>
<p>如：</p>
<div class="div">
  <p>EXEC SQL describe querystmt into qry_da;</p>
</div>
<p>在执行DESCRIBE前，用户必须给出SQLDA中的SQLN的值（表示有多少列），该值也说明了SQLDA中有多少个SQLVAR结构。然后，执行DESCRIBE语句，该语句填充每一个SQLVAR结构。</p>

    
   
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                    </dd>
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                        <dl>
                <dt class="c_title">
                    <a>观后心情</a></dt>
                    <dd class="c_contents">
                       <div id="moodVote">
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      </tr>
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        <td align="center" valign="bottom">感动</td>
        <td align="center" valign="bottom">同情</td>
        <td align="center" valign="bottom">无聊</td>
        <td align="center" valign="bottom">愤怒</td>
        <td align="center" valign="bottom">搞笑</td>
        <td align="center" valign="bottom">难过</td>
        <td align="center" valign="bottom">高兴</td>
        <td align="center" valign="bottom">路过</td>
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                        $getE("commentContnet").value = '';
                        break;
                    case "check":
                        alert("发表评论成功，请等待管理员审核。");
                        break;
                    case "err":
                        alert("发表评论失败！");
                        break;
                    case "nopurview":
                        alert("此栏目已禁止发表评论！");
                        break;
                    case "noTourists":
                        alert("此栏目已禁止游客发表评论！");
                        break;
                    case "checkCodeError":
                        $getE("commentValidCode").value = '';
                        refreshValidCode($getE("commentValidCodeImg"));
                        alert("您输入的验证码和系统产生的不一致，请重新输入！");
                        break;
                    default:
                        alert("发表评论失败！");
                        break;
                }
                if (checkValidCode) {
                    refreshValidCode($getE("commentValidCodeImg"));
                    $getE("commentValidCode").value = '';
                    checkValidCode = false;
                }
            });
        }

        function addPkZone(commentid, position, content) {
            var x = new AjaxRequest('XML', 'status');
            x.para = ['commentid=' + commentid, 'position=' + position, 'content=' + content];
            x.post('addpkzone', '/ajax.aspx', function(s) {
                var xml = x.createXmlDom(s);
                var status = xml.getElementsByTagName("status")[0].firstChild.data;
                switch (status) {
                    case "ok":
                        changepage(1, '评论列表', 'JS_基本风格');
                        break;
                    default:
                        alert("辩论失败！");
                        break;
                }
            });
        }

        //更新列表
        function changepage(pagenum, sourcename, spanname) {
            var x = new AjaxRequest('XML', 'pe100_' + sourcename);
            x.labelname = sourcename;
            x.currentpage = pagenum;
            x.para = ['itemId=5763', 'outputQty=10', 'page=true', 'pagesize=10', 'currentpage=' + pagenum];
            x.post('updatelabel', '/ajax.aspx', function(s) {
                var xml = x.createXmlDom(s);
                var plstr = "";
                for (var i = 0; i < xml.getElementsByTagName("body")[0].childNodes.length; i++) {
                    plstr += xml.getElementsByTagName("body")[0].childNodes[i].nodeValue;
                }
                $getE('pe100_' + sourcename).innerHTML = plstr;
                $getE('commentCount').innerHTML = xml.getElementsByTagName("total")[0].firstChild.data;
                updatepage(spanname, sourcename, xml);
            });
        }

        //更新分页
        function updatepage(spanname, sourcename, xml) {
            if (parseInt(xml.getElementsByTagName("total")[0].firstChild.data) > 0) {
                var x = new AjaxRequest('XML', 'pe100_page_' + sourcename);
                x.labelname = spanname;
                x.sourcename = sourcename;
                x.total = xml.getElementsByTagName("total")[0].firstChild.data;
                x.currentpage = xml.getElementsByTagName("currentpage")[0].firstChild.data;
                x.pagesize = xml.getElementsByTagName("pagesize")[0].firstChild.data;
                x.post('updatepage', '/ajax.aspx', function(s) {
                    var xml = x.createXmlDom(s);
                    if ($getE('pe100_page_' + sourcename) != null) {
                        var plstr = "";
                        for (var i = 0; i < xml.getElementsByTagName("body")[0].childNodes.length; i++) {
                            plstr += xml.getElementsByTagName("body")[0].childNodes[i].nodeValue;
                        }
                        $getE('pe100_page_' + sourcename).innerHTML = plstr;
                    }
                });
            }
        }

        //设置默用户信息
        function setCurrentUserInfo() {
            try {
                var x = new AjaxRequest('XML', '');
                x.post('logincheck', '/ajax.aspx', function(s) {
                    var xml = x.createXmlDom(s);
                    if (xml.getElementsByTagName("status")[0].firstChild.data == "ok") {
                        if ($getE('commentUsername') != null) {
                            $getE('commentUsername').value = xml.getElementsByTagName("username")[0].firstChild.data;
                            $getE('commentEmail').value = xml.getElementsByTagName("email")[0].firstChild.data;
                            $getE('commentUsername').disabled = true;
                            $getE('commentEmail').disabled = true;
                        }
                    }
                });
            }
            catch (e) {
            }
        }

        //刷新验证码
        function refreshValidCode(obj) {
            obj.src = obj.src + '?code=' + randomNumber(10);
        }

        function randomNumber(n) {
            var rnd = '';
            for (var i = 0; i < n; i++)
                rnd += Math.floor(Math.random() * 10);
            return rnd;
        }

        //设置匿名
        function setAnonymous(obj) {
            if (obj.checked) {
                $getE('commentUsernameBlock').style.display = 'none';
                $getE('commentEmailBlock').style.display = 'none';
                $getE('commentIsAnonymous').value = 'true';
            }
            else {
                $getE('commentUsernameBlock').style.display = '';
                $getE('commentEmailBlock').style.display = '';
                $getE('commentIsAnonymous').value = 'false';
            }
        }

        //设置私有
        function setPrivate(obj) {
            if (obj.checked) {
                $getE('commentIsPrivate').value = 1;
            }
            else {
                $getE('commentIsPrivate').value = 0;
            }
        }

        //设置观点
        function setViewpoint(value) {
            for (i = -1; i < 2; i++) {
                if (i == value) {
                    $getE('commentViewpointTab' + i).className = "current";
                }
                else {
                    $getE('commentViewpointTab' + i).className = "";
                }
            }
            $getE('commentViewpoint').value = value;
        }

        //设置按钮
        function changeBtnStyle(obj, className) {
            obj.className = className;
        }

        //设置评分
        function changeRanking(index, isfixed) {
            var colStars = $getE("commentRankingBlock").getElementsByTagName("input");
            var k = isfixed ? parseInt($getE("commentRanking").value) : index;
            for (var i = 0; i < colStars.length; i++) {
                colStars[i].src = (i < k ? "/Images/fstar.gif" : "/Images/estar.gif");
            }
        }

        function rankingClick(index) {
            $getE("commentRanking").value = index;
        }

        function rankingMouseOver(index) {
            changeRanking(index, false);
        }

        function rankingMouseOut() {
            changeRanking(0, true);
        }

        //初始化评论
        commentInit();

    </script>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">

//双击鼠标滚动屏幕的代码
var currentpos,timer;
function initialize()
{
timer=setInterval ("scrollwindow ()",30);
}
function sc()
{
clearInterval(timer);
}
function scrollwindow()
{
currentpos=document.body.scrollTop;
window.scroll(0,++currentpos);
if (currentpos !=document.body.scrollTop)
sc();
}
document.onmousedown=sc
document.ondblclick=initialize

//更改字体大小
var status0='';
var curfontsize=10;
var curlineheight=18;
function fontZoomA(){
  if(curfontsize>8){
    document.getElementById('fontzoom').style.fontSize=(--curfontsize)+'pt';
	document.getElementById('fontzoom').style.lineHeight=(--curlineheight)+'pt';
  }
}
function fontZoomB(){
  if(curfontsize<64){
    document.getElementById('fontzoom').style.fontSize=(++curfontsize)+'pt';
	document.getElementById('fontzoom').style.lineHeight=(++curlineheight)+'pt';
  }
}
</script>

</body></html>